Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2011- 2020.

MAIN RESULTS: Out of 2,147 grade 2 disability leprosy cases, the majority were male, of mixed race/skin color, multibacillary and borderline. The São Luís regional health unit showed a falling trend. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: The results can guide strategies for the leprosy control program in the state, aiming at new approaches towards early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disabilities. PERSPECTIVES: Further studies are needed, such as spatial distribution of cases and detection rates of leprosy in children under 15 years of age, in order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Maranhão. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy and to analyze its trend in the state of Maranhão, from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: this was a descriptive cross-sectional and ecological time-series study, using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. A descriptive analysis of the event was carried out according to the sociodemographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics of the cases. The temporal trend of event incidence was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: of the 2,147 cases, 71.5% were male, 48.9% had up to 8 years of schooling, 66.5% were of mixed race/color, 95.5% had the multibacillary form, 58.8% were borderline, 32.3% had negative bacilloscopy at diagnosis. There was a stationary trend in the state and a falling trend in the São Luís Health Region (annual percentage change = -64.4%; 95% confidence interval: -73.7;-51.9). CONCLUSION: incidence trend was stable in the state of Maranhão and falling in São Luís.

Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study.

MAIN RESULTS: A total of 4,029 leprosy cases were notified. Mean prevalence varied between 2.0 and 11.5 cases/10,000 inhab. Spatial distribution of the cases was heterogeneous and there was a falling prevalence trend over the years studied. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: These findings point to the need to strengthen active tracing strategies and expand health actions and services targeting leprosy, with the aim of increasing detection and early treatment of cases. PERSPECTIVES: It is important to carry out epidemiological investigations on the spatial distribution and prevalence of leprosy in other health regions in the state, in order to identify other areas with greater vulnerability to leprosy. OBJECTIVE: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. METHODS: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. RESULT: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Distribuição espacial e tendência da prevalência da hanseníase em uma regional de saúde do Nordeste brasileiro, 2008-2017: um estudo ecológico / Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study / Distribución espacial y tendencia en la prevalencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria del Nordeste de Brasil, 2008-2017: un estudio ecológico

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência da hanseníase em municípios de uma regional de saúde de um estado no Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: estudo ecológico e de séries temporais, sobre a notificação compulsória dos municípios integrantes da Unidade Gestora Regional de Saúde de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017; foram determinadas as prevalências e a média para o período; realizou-se a análise espacial de área e os mapas foram gerados pelo aplicativo ArcGis 10.5; na análise de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: foram identificados 4.029 casos da doença e as médias de prevalência variaram de 2,0 a 11,5 casos/10 mil habitantes/ano, com tendência descendente; Governador Edson Lobão apresentou a maior prevalência, 11,5 casos/10 mil hab., e Lajeado Novo a menor, 2,0 casos/10 mil hab. Conclusão: a distribuição espacial dos casos de hanseníase foi heterogênea nos municípios estudados e a tendência da prevalência, decrescente.

Objective: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. Result: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Objetivo: analisar la distribución espacial y la tendencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria de un estado del Nordeste brasileño. Métodos: estudio ecológico y de serie temporal, con notificación obligatoria de los municipios de la Unidad de Gestión Regional de Salud de Imperatriz-MA, entre 2008-2017. Se determinaron la prevalencia y la media del período y se realizó un análisis del espacio de área, los mapas se generaron en ArcGis 10.5. Para el análisis de tendencia se utilizaron regresiones de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: se identificaron 4.029 casos y las prevalencias promedio oscilaron entre 2,0 y 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes-año, con tendencia al descenso. Governador Edson Lobão presentó la mayor prevalencia 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes y Lajeado Novo la menor prevalencia 2,0 casos/10.000 habitantes. Conclusión: la distribución espacial de los casos de lepra fue heterogénea en los municipios y la tendencia de prevalencia decreciente.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas e tendência temporal de casos novos de hanseníase com grau 2 de incapacidade física, no estado do Maranhão, 2011-2020 / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2011- 2020 / Características clínico-epidemiológicas y tendencia temporal de los nuevos casos de lepra grado 2 de discapacidad en el estado de Maranhão, Brasil, 2011-2020

Objetivo: descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos novos de hanseníase com grau 2 de incapacidade física e analisar sua tendência no estado do Maranhão, Brasil, 2011-2020. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo e ecológico de série temporal, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação; realizou-se análise descritiva do evento segundo características sociodemográficas e clínico-laboratoriais dos casos; a tendência temporal da incidência do evento foi analisada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: dos 2.147 casos notificados, 71,5% foram do sexo masculino, 48,9% possuíam até 8 anos de estudo, 66,5% eram de raça/cor da pele parda, 95,5% da forma multibacilar, 58,8% da forma dimorfa e 32,3% com baciloscopia negativa no diagnóstico; observou-se estacionaridade na tendência no estado, e tendência decrescente na regional de saúde de São Luís (variação anual = -64,4%; intervalo de confiança de 95% -73,7;-51,9). Conclusão: a tendência da incidência foi estável no estado do Maranhão e decrescente em São Luís.

Objective: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy and to analyze its trend in the state of Maranhão, from 2011 to 2020. Methods: this was a descriptive cross-sectional and ecological time-series study, using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. A descriptive analysis of the event was carried out according to the sociodemographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics of the cases. The temporal trend of event incidence was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. Results: of the 2,147 cases, 71.5% were male, 48.9% had up to 8 years of schooling, 66.5% were of mixed race/color, 95.5% had the multibacillary form, 58.8% were borderline, 32.3% had negative bacilloscopy at diagnosis. There was a stationary trend in the state and a falling trend in the São Luís Health Region (annual percentage change = -64.4%; 95% confidence interval: -73.7;-51.9). Conclusion: incidence trend was stable in the state of Maranhão and falling in São Luís.

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los nuevos casos de lepra con discapacidad física grado 2 y analizar su tendencia en el estado de Maranhão, de 2011 a 2020. Métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo y ecológico de serie temporal con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamiento de Notificaciones. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de características sociodemográficas y clínico-laboratoriales. La tendencia temporal de la incidencia de eventos se analizó mediante la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: de los 2.147 casos, 71,5% era masculino, 48,9% tenía hasta 8 años de escolaridad, 66,5% era de raza/piel parda, 95,5% de forma multibacilar, 58,8% dimorfa, 32,3% con baciloscopia negativa al diagnóstico. Hubo tendencia estacionaria en el estado y tendencia decreciente en la Región de Salud São Luís (variación anual = -64,4%; intervalo de confianza 95%: -73,7;-51,9). Conclusión: la tendencia de la incidencia se mantuvo estable en el estado de Maranhão y decreciente en São Luís.

Fatores associados à autoeficácia da amamentação no puerpério imediato em maternidade pública / Factors associated with breastfeeding self-efficacy in the immediate puerperium in a public maternity hospital / Factores asociados a la autoeficacia de la lactancia materna en el puerperio inmediato en una maternidad pública

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre variáveis sociodemográficas, antecedentes obstétricos, gestação atual e puerpério à autoeficácia em amamentar. Método: estudo transversal, realizado no sudoeste maranhense do Brasil, entre os meses de outubro de 2020 a julho de 2021 com a participação de 240 puérperas, utilizando-se a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Realizaram-se análise descritiva, possíveis associações, modelos de regressão logística simples e múltiplos. Resultados: 83,3% apresentaram alta autoeficácia em amamentar, 46,7% tinham entre 26 e 35 anos, 81,2% eram casadas ou estavam em união estável, 94,2% amamentaram na primeira hora de vida, 37,9% receberam orientação sobre amamentação na Unidade Básica e 84,2% ofertaram somente leite materno para o recém-nascido na maternidade, sendo esses fatores associados à alta autoeficácia em amamentar (p<0,05). Conclusão: a pesquisa contribuiu para orientar os profissionais de saúde a prestar assistência de qualidade superior à gestante, puérpera e lactante, com o objetivo de aumentar a autoeficácia em amamentar, identificando, dentre tais mulheres, àquelas que necessitam de maior apoio.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between sociodemographic variables, obstetric history, current pregnancy, and puerperium with breastfeeding self-efficacy. Method: cross-sectional study conducted in southwestern Maranhão, Brazil, between October 2020 and July 2021 with the participation of 240 postpartum women, using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Descriptive analysis, possible associations, simple and multiple logistic regression models were performed. Results: 83.3% had high breastfeeding self-efficacy, 46.7% were between 26 and 35 years old, 81.2% were married or in a stable union, 94.2% breastfed in the first hour of life, 37.9% received orientation on breastfeeding in the Primary Health Care Unit, and 84.2% offered only breast milk to the newborn in the maternity hospital. These factors were associated with high breastfeeding self-efficacy (p<0.05). Conclusion: The research contributed to guide health professionals to provide superior quality care to pregnant and postpartum women and lactating mothers, aiming to increase breastfeeding self-efficacy, identifying, among these women, those who need more support.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas, los antecedentes obstétricos, la gestación actual y el puerperio con la autoeficacia en amamantar. Método: estudio transversal, realizado en el sudoeste maranhense de Brasil, entre los meses de octubre de 2020 a julio de 2021 con la participación de 240 puérperas, utilizando el Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, posibles asociaciones y modelos de regresión logística simple y múltiple. Resultados: El 83,3% mostró una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna, el 46,7% tenía entre 26 y 35 años, el 81,2% estaba casada o en unión estable, el 94,2% dio el pecho en la primera hora de vida, el 37,9% recibió orientación sobre la lactancia materna en la Unidad de Atención Primaria y el 84,2% ofreció sólo leche materna al recién nacido en la maternidad, asociándose estos factores con una alta autoeficacia para la lactancia materna (p<0,05). Conclusión: la investigación contribuyó a orientar a los profesionales de la salud a prestar asistencia de calidad superior a gestantes, puérperas y lactantes, con el objetivo de aumentar la autoeficacia en el amamantamiento, identificando, entre estas mujeres, a las que necesitan un mayor apoyo.

Serum Levels of Ficolin-3 and Mannose-Binding Lectin in Patients with Leprosy and Their Family Contacts in a Hyperendemic Region in Northeastern Brazil.

The present study aimed at analyzing the serum levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolin-3 (FCN3) in leprosy patients and their healthy family contacts in a hyperendemic region in northeastern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 90 patients who had been diagnosed with leprosy and 79 healthy family contacts. Serum levels of the MBL and FCN3 proteins were measured using the immunofluorometric assay (ELISA). Clinical information was determined from the patients' charts. It was observed that the leprosy patients were more likely to be male (OR = 2.17; p = 0.01) and younger than fifteen years of age (OR = 2.01; p = 0.03) when compared to the family contacts. Those under 15 years of age had higher levels of MBL (4455 ng/mL) than those over 15 years of age (2342 ng/mL; p = 0.018). Higher FCN3 levels were identified in patients with indeterminate leprosy (41.9 µg/mL) compared to those with the lepromatous form (34.3 µg/mL; p = 0.033) and in those with no physical disabilities (38.1 µg/mL) compared to those with some disability (p = 0.031). Higher FCN3 levels were also observed in the group of patients without leprosy reactions (37.4 µg/mL) compared to those with type 1 (33.7 µg/mL) and type 2 (36.1 µg/mL) reactions. The MBL levels were higher in children under 15 years of age than they were in adults. It was evidenced that higher FCN3 serum levels were associated with early and transient clinical forms and lower expression in severe forms of leprosy.

Óbito neonatal em maternidade pública de referência: fatores associados / Neonatal death in public maternity of reference: associated factors / Muerte neonatal en maternidad pública de referencia: factores asociados

Objetivo: investigar os fatores maternos e neonatais associados aos óbitos neonatais em maternidade de referência no sudoeste maranhense. Metodologia: estudo retrospectivo observacional, quantitativo, com análise documental em prontuários. Brasil. Selecionaram-se prontuários de 677 neonatos nascidos no próprio estabelecimento hospitalar no ano de 2016. Resultados: dos 677 prontuários de recém-nascidos admitidos, ocorreram 14,2% de óbitos e 85,8% de altas, a prematuridade foi o diagnóstico entre 42,4%, seguido de 41,9% de distúrbios respiratórios. A análise ajustada do modelo apontou que o óbito neonatal esteve associado a estatura <35cm (OR: 38,40; p<0,001) e de 35- 39cm (OR: 6,65, p<0,002), perímetro cefálico <22 cm (OR: 38,58; p<0,002) e Apgar no 5º. minuto <3 (OR: 5,91; p<0,001). Conclusão: a prematuridade e os distúrbios respiratórios foram as principais causas de internação. Há necessidade de rever o acesso aos serviços de saúde, assim como a implementação de intervenções qualificadas no pré-natal, parto e nascimento

Objective: to investigate maternal and neonatal factors associated with neonatal deaths in a reference maternity hospital in southwestern Maranhão. Method: quantitative, observational retrospective study, with documental analysis in medical records. Medical records of 677 neonates born in a hospital in southwest Maranhão, in 2016 were selected. Results: of the 677 medical records of admitted newborns, there were 14.2% of deaths and 85.8% of discharges, prematurity was the diagnosis among 42.4%, followed by 41.9% of respiratory disorders. The adjusted analysis of the model showed that neonatal death was associated with height <35cm (OR: 38.40; p<0.001) and 35-39cm (OR: 6.65, p<0.002), head circumference <22 cm (OR: 38.58; p<0.002) and Apgar in the 5th. minute <3 (OR: 5.91; p<0.001). Results: Of the 677 medical records of newborns admitted, there were 96 deaths (14.2%) and 581 discharges (85.8%), with prematurity being the most frequent diagnosis 287 (42.4%), followed by respiratory disorders 284 (41 , 9%). The adjusted analysis of the model showed that neonatal death was associated with height <35cm (OR: 38.40; p <0.001), height of 35-39cm (OR: 6.65, p <0.002), head circumference <22 cm (OR: 38.58; p <0.002) and Apgar in the 5th. minute <3 (OR: 5.91; p <0.001). Conclusion: prematurity and respiratory disorders were the main causes of hospitalization. There is a need to review access to health services, as well as the implementation of qualified interventions in prenatal care, childbirth and birth

Parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional: ensaio clínico randomizado / Parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de intervención nutricional: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention: a randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional com farinha da castanha de caju. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, cego. O estudo foi realizado no período de abril a dezembro de 2017, em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A amostra foi composta de crianças menores de 5 anos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo 15 no Grupo Intervenção (farinha da castanha de caju) e 15 crianças no Grupo Controle (farinha de carboximetilcelulose), alocadas nos grupos de forma randômica aleatória simples. Foram analisados os parâmetros de eritrócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito (série vermelha) e de leucócitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monócitos e linfócitos (série branca). A coleta de sangue foi realizada em dois momentos: o primeiro antes da implementação da intervenção e o segundo após 32 semanas de utilização da farinha da castanha de caju. Para avaliação da normalidade e homogeneidade da amostra, utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de variância de Bartlett, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o teste T pareado dentro de cada grupo e, para avaliar possíveis associações entre os Grupos Intervenção e Controle e o nível de leucócitos (abaixo, normal e acima), utilizaram-se o teste exato de Fisher e/ou o teste Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Houve incremento na média das células individuais da série vermelha do hemograma, sobretudo nos padrões de hemoglobina de crianças desnutridas do Grupo Intervenção (p<0,05). A investigação também apontou diferença intragrupo no parâmetro da hemoglobina, tanto no Grupo Controle (p=0,007) como no Intervenção (p<0,001), bem como no parâmetro hematócrito para ambos os grupos (p=0,001). Especificamente na série branca, após a intervenção, evidenciou-se diminuição significativa nos leucócitos (p=0,04) e linfócitos (p<0,01) Conclusão Após intervenção, a utilização da farinha da castanha de caju melhorou os parâmetros hematológicos das crianças desnutridas. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de la intervención nutricional con harina da castaña de cajú. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, ciego. El estudio se realizó en el período de abril a diciembre de 2017, en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud. La muestra se compuso por niños menores de 5 años que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, 15 en el Grupo Intervención (harina de castaña de cajú) y 15 niños en el Grupo Control (harina de carboximetilcelulosa), repartidas en los grupos de forma muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizaron los parámetros de eritrocitos, hemoglobina e hematocrito (serie roja) y de leucocitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monocitos e linfocitos (serie blanca). La muestra de sangre se realizó en dos momentos: el primero antes de la implementación de la intervención y el segundo después de 32 semanas de utilización de la harina da castaña de cajú. Para la evaluación de la normalidad y la homogeneidad de la amuestra, se utilizaron los tests de Shapiro-Wilk y de varianza de Bartlett, respectivamente. Se utilizó la prueba T pareada dentro de cada grupo y, para evaluar posibles asociaciones entre los Grupos Intervención y Control y el nivel de leucocitos (debajo, normal y superior), se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher o prueba de Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Hubo un aumento en el promedio de las células individuales de la serie roja del hemograma, sobre todo en los estándares de hemoglobina de niños desnutridos del Grupo Intervención (p<0,05). La investigación también apuntó una diferencia intragrupo en el parámetro de la hemoglobina, tanto en el Grupo Control (p=0,007) como en la Intervención (p<0,001), así como en el parámetro hematocrito para ambos grupos (p=0,001). Específicamente en la serie blanca, después de la intervención, se evidenció una disminución significativa en los leucocitos (p=0,04) y linfocitos (p<0,01) Conclusión Después de la intervención, la utilización de la harina de la castaña de cajú mejoró los parámetros hematológicos de los niños desnutridos.

Abstract Objective To assess hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention with cashew nut flour. Methods This is a randomized, controlled, blind trial. The study was conducted from April to December 2017, in two Basic Health Units. The sample consisted of children under 5 years of age who met the inclusion criteria, 15 in the Intervention Group (cashew nut flour) and 15 children in the Control Group (carboxymethylcellulose flour), randomly allocated to the groups. The parameters of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit (red blood cells) and leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (white blood cells) parameters were analyzed. Blood collection was performed in two moments: the first before intervention implementation and the second after 32 weeks of use of cashew nut flour. To assess the sample normality and homogeneity, Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett variance tests were used, respectively. The paired t-test was used within each group and, to assess possible associations between the Intervention and Control Groups and the level of leukocytes (below, normal and above), Fisher's Exact test and/or Fisher-Freeman-Halton test were used. Results There was an increase in the mean of the individual red blood cell count, especially in the hemoglobin patterns of malnourished children in the Intervention Group (p<0.05). The investigation also showed an intragroup difference in the hemoglobin parameter, both in the Control Group (p=0.007) and in the Intervention (p<0.001) as well as in the hematocrit parameter for both groups (p=0.001). Specifically in the white blood cells, after intervention, there was a significant decrease in leukocytes (p=0.04) and lymphocytes (p<0.01) Conclusion After intervention, the use of cashew nut flour improved the hematological parameters of malnourished children. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in Imperatriz, Maranhão. METHODS: epidemiological temporal-series study, conducted in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality. The population consisted of Tuberculosis cases with Diabetes Mellitus-associated aggravation notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between 2009 and 2018. We determined the prevalence and trend of comorbidity using Prais-Winsten regressions and to identify associated factors employed Poisson regression. RESULTS: prevalence ranged from 3.23% in 2014 to 19.51% in 2018, with a mean of 11.5% for the period, showing an increasing trend. Age groups 30 to 59 years and ≥ 60 years, education < 8 years, and clinical form of pulmonary Tuberculosis were risk factors for comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing trend of comorbidity and its associated factors alert us to the need to improve customer service at all levels of health care.

Leprosy in the context of the Family Health Strategy in an endemic scenario in Maranhão: prevalence and associated factors. / Hanseníase no contexto da Estratégia Saúde da Família em cenário endêmico do Maranhão: prevalência e fatores associados.

This study aimed to describe the prevalence of leprosy and verify the factors associated with multibacillary clinical types in a Family Health Strategy priority setting to control and monitor the disease in northeastern Brazil. This cross-sectional study used data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System related to leprosy cases notified in Imperatriz, Maranhão, between 2008 and 2017. The prevalence was determined yearly and for the period. Poisson regression models with a significance level of 5% were employed to associate the variables and the multibacillary clinical types. Most of the 2,476 leprosy cases analyzed referred to multibacillary clinical types. The prevalence ranged from 7.8 and 15.6/10,000 inhabitants, with high and very high endemicity levels. The variables male, age groups between 30 and 59 years and ≥60 years, schooling <8 years, level 2 physical disability, types 1 and 2 reactive episodes, and urban residence area showed significant associations (p≤0.05) with multibacillary clinical types. Such findings can serve as a basis for elaborating and implementing leprosy control and surveillance measures, gearing actions to the most vulnerable groups, and becoming more effective.

Este estudo objetivou descrever a prevalência da hanseníase e verificar os fatores associados às formas clínicas multibacilares em cenário da Estratégia Saúde da Família, prioritário para o controle e a vigilância da doença no nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal, que utilizou dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação relativos aos casos de hanseníase notificados em Imperatriz, Maranhão, entre 2008 e 2017. Determinaram-se as prevalências a cada ano e para o período. Para associar as variáveis e as formas clínicas multibacilares, utilizaram-se modelos de regressão de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Dos 2.476 casos de hanseníase analisados, a maioria referiu-se às formas clínicas multibacilares. A prevalência variou entre 15,6 e 7,8/10 mil habitantes, encontrando-se níveis alto e muito alto de endemicidade. As variáveis sexo masculino, faixas etárias entre 30 e 59 anos e ≥60 anos, escolaridade <8 anos, grau 2 de incapacidade física, episódio reacional tipos 1 e 2 e zona de residência urbana apresentaram associações significativas (p≤0,05) com as formas clínicas multibacilares. Tais achados podem servir de base para elaboração e implementação de medidas de controle e vigilância da hanseníase, direcionando as ações para os grupos mais vulneráveis e tornando-se mais efetivas.

Hanseníase no contexto da estratégia saúde da família em cenário endêmico do maranhão: prevalência e fatores associados / Leprosy in the context of the family health strategy in an endemic scenario in maranhão: prevalence and associated factors

Resumo Este estudo objetivou descrever a prevalência da hanseníase e verificar os fatores associados às formas clínicas multibacilares em cenário da Estratégia Saúde da Família, prioritário para o controle e a vigilância da doença no nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de estudo transversal, que utilizou dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação relativos aos casos de hanseníase notificados em Imperatriz, Maranhão, entre 2008 e 2017. Determinaram-se as prevalências a cada ano e para o período. Para associar as variáveis e as formas clínicas multibacilares, utilizaram-se modelos de regressão de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Dos 2.476 casos de hanseníase analisados, a maioria referiu-se às formas clínicas multibacilares. A prevalência variou entre 15,6 e 7,8/10 mil habitantes, encontrando-se níveis alto e muito alto de endemicidade. As variáveis sexo masculino, faixas etárias entre 30 e 59 anos e ≥60 anos, escolaridade <8 anos, grau 2 de incapacidade física, episódio reacional tipos 1 e 2 e zona de residência urbana apresentaram associações significativas (p≤0,05) com as formas clínicas multibacilares. Tais achados podem servir de base para elaboração e implementação de medidas de controle e vigilância da hanseníase, direcionando as ações para os grupos mais vulneráveis e tornando-se mais efetivas.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the prevalence of leprosy and verify the factors associated with multibacillary clinical types in a Family Health Strategy priority setting to control and monitor the disease in northeastern Brazil. This cross-sectional study used data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System related to leprosy cases notified in Imperatriz, Maranhão, between 2008 and 2017. The prevalence was determined yearly and for the period. Poisson regression models with a significance level of 5% were employed to associate the variables and the multibacillary clinical types. Most of the 2,476 leprosy cases analyzed referred to multibacillary clinical types. The prevalence ranged from 7.8 and 15.6/10,000 inhabitants, with high and very high endemicity levels. The variables male, age groups between 30 and 59 years and ≥60 years, schooling <8 years, level 2 physical disability, types 1 and 2 reactive episodes, and urban residence area showed significant associations (p≤0.05) with multibacillary clinical types. Such findings can serve as a basis for elaborating and implementing leprosy control and surveillance measures, gearing actions to the most vulnerable groups, and becoming more effective.

Trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality / Tendencia y factores relacionados a la comorbilidad tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus en un municipio del Nordeste brasileño / Tendência e fatores associados à comorbidade tuberculose-diabetes mellitus em um município do Nordeste brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in Imperatriz, Maranhão. Methods: epidemiological temporal-series study, conducted in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality. The population consisted of Tuberculosis cases with Diabetes Mellitus-associated aggravation notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between 2009 and 2018. We determined the prevalence and trend of comorbidity using Prais-Winsten regressions and to identify associated factors employed Poisson regression. Results: prevalence ranged from 3.23% in 2014 to 19.51% in 2018, with a mean of 11.5% for the period, showing an increasing trend. Age groups 30 to 59 years and ≥ 60 years, education < 8 years, and clinical form of pulmonary Tuberculosis were risk factors for comorbidity. Conclusions: The increasing trend of comorbidity and its associated factors alert us to the need to improve customer service at all levels of health care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar tendencia y factores relacionados a la comorbilidad tuberculosis diabetes mellitus en Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico de series temporales, realizado en municipio del Nordeste brasileño. La población constituida por casos de tuberculosis con agravio relacionado a diabetes mellitus notificados en Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación entre 2009 y 2018. Determinó la prevalencia y tendencia de la comorbilidad utilizando regresiones de Prais-Winsten. para identificar los factores relacionados empleó regresión de Poisson. Resultados: la prevalencia varió de 3,23% en 2014 para 19,51% en 2018, con mediana de 11,5% para el período, presentando tendencia creciente. Rango etario de 30 a 59 años y ≥ 60 años, escolaridad < 8 años y forma clínica de la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron factores de riesgo para la comorbilidad. Conclusiones: la tendencia creciente de la comorbilidad y sus factores relacionados alertan para la necesidad de perfeccionamiento de la atención en los niveles de atención de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar a tendência e os fatores associados à comorbidade tuberculose-diabetes mellitus em Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico de séries temporais, realizado em um município do Nordeste brasileiro. A população foi constituída pelos casos de tuberculose com agravo associado ao diabetes mellitus notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2009 e 2018. Determinou-se a prevalência e tendência da comorbidade utilizando regressões de Prais Winsten. Para identificar os fatores associados, empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência variou de 3,23% em 2014 para 19,51% em 2018, com média de 11,5% para o período, apresentando tendência crescente. As faixas etárias de 30 a 59 anos e ≥ 60 anos, escolaridade < 8 anos e forma clínica da tuberculose pulmonar foram fatores de risco para a comorbidade. Conclusões: a tendência crescente da comorbidade e seus fatores associados alertam para a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do atendimento nos níveis de atenção à saúde.

Trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality / Tendencia y factores relacionados a la comorbilidad tuberculosis-diabetes mellitus en un municipio del Nordeste brasileño / Tendência e fatores associados à comorbidade tuberculose-diabetes mellitus em um município do Nordeste brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the trend and factors associated with Tuberculosis-Diabetes Mellitus comorbidity in Imperatriz, Maranhão. Methods: epidemiological temporal-series study, conducted in a Northeastern Brazilian municipality. The population consisted of Tuberculosis cases with Diabetes Mellitus-associated aggravation notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) between 2009 and 2018. We determined the prevalence and trend of comorbidity using Prais-Winsten regressions and to identify associated factors employed Poisson regression. Results: prevalence ranged from 3.23% in 2014 to 19.51% in 2018, with a mean of 11.5% for the period, showing an increasing trend. Age groups 30 to 59 years and ≥ 60 years, education < 8 years, and clinical form of pulmonary Tuberculosis were risk factors for comorbidity. Conclusions: The increasing trend of comorbidity and its associated factors alert us to the need to improve customer service at all levels of health care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar tendencia y factores relacionados a la comorbilidad tuberculosis diabetes mellitus en Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico de series temporales, realizado en municipio del Nordeste brasileño. La población constituida por casos de tuberculosis con agravio relacionado a diabetes mellitus notificados en Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación entre 2009 y 2018. Determinó la prevalencia y tendencia de la comorbilidad utilizando regresiones de Prais-Winsten. para identificar los factores relacionados empleó regresión de Poisson. Resultados: la prevalencia varió de 3,23% en 2014 para 19,51% en 2018, con mediana de 11,5% para el período, presentando tendencia creciente. Rango etario de 30 a 59 años y ≥ 60 años, escolaridad < 8 años y forma clínica de la tuberculosis pulmonar fueron factores de riesgo para la comorbilidad. Conclusiones: la tendencia creciente de la comorbilidad y sus factores relacionados alertan para la necesidad de perfeccionamiento de la atención en los niveles de atención de salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar a tendência e os fatores associados à comorbidade tuberculose-diabetes mellitus em Imperatriz, Maranhão. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico de séries temporais, realizado em um município do Nordeste brasileiro. A população foi constituída pelos casos de tuberculose com agravo associado ao diabetes mellitus notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação entre 2009 e 2018. Determinou-se a prevalência e tendência da comorbidade utilizando regressões de Prais Winsten. Para identificar os fatores associados, empregou-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência variou de 3,23% em 2014 para 19,51% em 2018, com média de 11,5% para o período, apresentando tendência crescente. As faixas etárias de 30 a 59 anos e ≥ 60 anos, escolaridade < 8 anos e forma clínica da tuberculose pulmonar foram fatores de risco para a comorbidade. Conclusões: a tendência crescente da comorbidade e seus fatores associados alertam para a necessidade de aperfeiçoamento do atendimento nos níveis de atenção à saúde.

Assessment of tissular integrity in patients with diabetic foot.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the impairment of tissue integrity in patients with diabetic foot and verify its association with time of diagnosis of the disease. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with 134 patients in an outpatient clinic located in the Northeast region of Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which was subjected to descriptive analysis and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. RESULTS: Indicators with the lowest average score were: skin temperature, sweating, skin lesions, right and left pedal pulses, right and left tibial pulses. Patients less than ten years old had worse scores on thickness, elasticity, right tibial pulse and tissue integrity. Those with a diagnosis time of more than ten years had a greater impairment of sensation and right pulse. CONCLUSION: All indicators showed some impairment of tissue integrity, and the time of diagnosis of the disease was associated with six of these.

Leprosy in children under 15 years of age in a municipality in northeastern Brazil: evolutionary aspects from 2003 to 2015.

INTRODUCTION: The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in 2003 in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the established period in children aged <15 years. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on an active search for cases and spontaneous healthcare demand for leprosy, with an evolutionary analysis of the detection coefficient of new cases. We considered individuals aged <15 years diagnosed with leprosy from January 2003 to December 2015. To evaluate the factors associated with clinical and operational forms, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were performed. RESULTS: A total of 61 new cases were detected (6.9% of the total leprosy cases diagnosed in the municipality during the study period), and the majority was found in males (62.3%). The most frequent operational classification was paucibacillary (67.2%), and this association increased with age. The tuberculoid clinical form was the most prevalent in both sexes and in the age range of 10 to <15 years. There was a reduction in the detection coefficient from 21.84/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 2.79/100,000 in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the progress in the control of leprosy, this historical series shows that it is necessary to strengthen educational measures and implement control actions, so that the disease ceases to be a public health problem in the population aged <15 years.

Autoeficácia do aleitamento materno em puérperas de uma maternidade pública do nordeste brasileiro / Autoefectividad de la lactancia en mujeres embarazadas de una maternidad pública en el noreste de brasil / Self-efficacy of breastfeeding in postpartum women assisted in a public maternity in northeastern brazil

Objetivo: Verificar associação entre variáveis de contextos sociodemográfico e obstétrico com a autoeficácia em amamentar de puérperas residentes no Nordeste brasileiro. Método: Estudo transversal quantitativo realizado em maternidade pública de referência, com 160 mulheres que estavam no puerpério imediato até o 60º dia pós-parto. Dados coletados por meio de entrevistas individuais aplicando-se um formulário para obter informações acerca das características sociodemográficas e obstétricas, além da aplicação da escala de autoeficácia em aleitamento materno, na versão em português. Resultados: Mulheres com idade entre 26 e 35 anos tiveram quase 13 vezes mais chance de praticar alta autoeficácia em amamentar e mulheres com mais de 35 anos tiveram 21 vezes mais chance de ter maior alta autoeficácia. Mulheres que cursaram o ensino fundamental tiveram 39 vezes mais chance de ter maior alta autoeficácia e multíparas tiveram 4,44 mais chance de ter maior alta autoeficácia. Denotou-se que as puérperas tiveram alta autoeficácia para amamentar. Conclusões: A idade materna, a escolaridade, a situação obstétrica mostraram-se estatisticamente significativas para a alta autoeficácia do aleitamento materno, o que demonstra um panorama favorável ao aleitamento materno, sendo necessário acompanhamento do profissional enfermeiro para garantir assistência mais efetiva no apoio à amamentação.(AU)

Objective: To verify the association between variables of sociodemographic and obstetric contexts with the self-efficacy in breastfeeding of postpartum women living in Northeast Brazil. Method: Quantitative cross-sectional study carried out in a public maternity of reference, with 160 women who were in the immediate puerperium until the 60th postpartum day. Data collected through individual interviews using a form to obtain information about sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, in addition to the application of the self-efficacy scale in breastfeeding, in the Portuguese version. Results: Women aged between 26 and 35 years were almost 13 times more likely to practice high self-efficacy in breastfeeding and women over 35 years were 21 times more likely to have greater high self-efficacy. Women who attended elementary school were 39 times more likely to have greater high self-efficacy and multiparous women were 4.44 more likely to have greater high self-efficacy. It was noted that mothers had high self-efficacy to breastfeed. Conclusions: Maternal age, education, obstetric situation were statistically significant for the high self-efficacy of breastfeeding, which demonstrates a favorable scenario for breastfeeding, requiring monitoring by the professional nurses to ensure more effective assistance support breastfeeding.(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar la asociación entre variables de contextos sociodemográficos y obstétricos con la autoeficacia en la lactancia materna de mujeres puerperas que viven en el noreste de Brasil. Método: Estudio cuantitativo transversal realizado en un hospital público de maternidad de referencia, con 160 mujeres que estuvieron en el puerperio inmediato hasta el día 60 posparto . Datos recopilados a través de entrevistas individuales utilizando un formulario para obtener información sobre las características sociodemográficas y obstétricas, además de la aplicación de la escala de autoeficacia en la lactancia materna en la versión portuguesa. Resultados: Las mujeres de entre 26 y 35 años tenían casi 13 veces más probabilidades de practicar una alta autoeficacia en la lactancia materna y las mujeres mayores de 35 años tenían 21 veces más probabilidades de tener una mayor autoeficacia. Las mujeres que fueron a la escuela primaria tenían 39 veces más probabilidades de tener una mayor autoeficacia y las mujeres multíparas tenían 4,44 más probabilidades de tener una autoeficacia alta. Se observó que las madres tenían una alta autoeficacia para amamantar. Conclusiones: La edad materna, la educación, la situación obstétrica fueron estadísticamente significativas para la alta autoeficacia de la lactancia materna, lo que demuestra un escenario favorable para la lactancia materna, que requiere el seguimiento de la enfermera profesional para garantizar una asistencia más efectiva en el apoyo a la lactancia materna.(AU)

El juguete terapéuticoinstruccional según los cuidadores de niños hospitalizados / The instructional therapeutic toy according to caregivers of hospitalized children

OBJETIVO: Describir la eficacia del juguete terapéutico instructivo de acuerdo con el criterio de cuidadores de niños hospitalizados. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, cualitativo y fenomenológico, llevado a cabo entre enero y febrero de 2017, en hospital público. Muestra compuesta por siete sujetos. Datos recolectados mediante entrevista grabada y transcrita, iniciada con la pregunta orientadora: «¿Qué opinas de la utilización del juguete terapéutico instruccional con tu hijo?». RESULTADOS: Por medio del análisis de las conversaciones, fue posible identificar cinco categorías: Juguete como instrumento de aprendizaje, Juguete en el afrontamiento del procedimiento, Juguete como instrumento esclarecedor, Juguete como ayuda a la mejora del humor y Utilización del juguete como intervención de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN: Los cuidadores de los niños consideraron positiva la utilización de la técnica del juguete terapéutico instruccional, como forma de humanizar la hospitalización del niño, oportunidad de expresar emociones y participar de forma activa en la implementación del juguete en la atención infantil

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effectiveness of using an instructional therapeutic toy, according to caregivers of hospitalized children. METHOD: A descriptive, qualitative and phenomenological study, conducted from January to February 2017, in a public hospital. The sample was made of seven subjects. Data was collected through recorded and transcribed interviews, initiated by the guiding question: «What do you think of using the instructional therapeutic toy with your son?». RESULTS: While analyzing the content of the interviews, it was possible to identify five categories: the toy as a learning tool, the toy as a tool to demonstrate the medical procedure, the toy as an enlightening instrument, the toy as an aid to improve humor, and the toy as a nursing intervention. CONCLUSION: Children caregivers have considered positive the use of the instructional therapeutic toy as a way of humanizing children hospitalization, giving them an opportunity to express emotions, and to participate actively in the implementation of the toy child care

Assessment of tissular integrity in patients with diabetic foot / Evaluación de la integridad tisular de pacientes con pie diabético / Avaliação da integridade tissular de pacientes com pé diabético

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the impairment of tissue integrity in patients with diabetic foot and verify its association with time of diagnosis of the disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 134 patients in an outpatient clinic located in the Northeast region of Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection, which was subjected to descriptive analysis and the Mann-Whitney U non-parametric test. Results: Indicators with the lowest average score were: skin temperature, sweating, skin lesions, right and left pedal pulses, right and left tibial pulses. Patients less than ten years old had worse scores on thickness, elasticity, right tibial pulse and tissue integrity. Those with a diagnosis time of more than ten years had a greater impairment of sensation and right pulse. Conclusion: All indicators showed some impairment of tissue integrity, and the time of diagnosis of the disease was associated with six of these.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el comprometimiento de la integridad tisular de pacientes con pie diabético y verificar su relación con tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con 134 pacientes en un ambulatorio localizado en la región Noreste de Brasil. Ha sido utilizado cuestionario semiestructurado para la recogida de datos, los cuales han sido sometidos al análisis descriptivo y al test no paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Indicadores con menor calificación media han sido: temperatura de la piel, transpiración, lesiones en la piel, pulsos poplíteos derecho e izquierdo, pulsos tibiales derecho e izquierdo. Los pacientes con menos de diez años de la enfermedad presentaron peores calificaciones en la espesura, elasticidad, pulso tibial derecho e integridad tejidual. Ya aquellos con tiempo de diagnóstico superior a diez años tuvieron mayor comprometimiento de la sensación y pulso poplíteo derecho. Conclusión: Todos los indicadores mostraron alguno comprometimiento de la integridad tisular, y el tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad ha relacionado con seis de estos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o comprometimento da integridade tissular de pacientes com pé diabético e verificar sua associação com tempo de diagnóstico da doença. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 134 pacientes em um ambulatório localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil. Foi utilizado questionário semiestruturado para a coleta de dados, os quais foram submetidos a análise descritiva e ao teste não paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Indicadores com menor escore médio foram: temperatura da pele, transpiração, lesões na pele, pulsos pediosos direito e esquerdo, pulsos tibiais direito e esquerdo. Os pacientes com menos de dez anos da doença apresentaram piores escores na espessura, elasticidade, pulso tibial direito e integridade tecidual. Já aqueles com tempo de diagnóstico superior a dez anos tiveram maior comprometimento da sensação e pulso pedioso direito. Conclusão: Todos os indicadores mostraram algum comprometimento da integridade tissular, e o tempo de diagnóstico da doença esteve associado com seis destes.

Leprosy in children under 15 years of age in a municipality in northeastern Brazil: evolutionary aspects from 2003 to 2015

Abstract INTRODUCTION The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in 2003 in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the established period in children aged <15 years. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on an active search for cases and spontaneous healthcare demand for leprosy, with an evolutionary analysis of the detection coefficient of new cases. We considered individuals aged <15 years diagnosed with leprosy from January 2003 to December 2015. To evaluate the factors associated with clinical and operational forms, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, or Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were performed. RESULTS A total of 61 new cases were detected (6.9% of the total leprosy cases diagnosed in the municipality during the study period), and the majority was found in males (62.3%). The most frequent operational classification was paucibacillary (67.2%), and this association increased with age. The tuberculoid clinical form was the most prevalent in both sexes and in the age range of 10 to <15 years. There was a reduction in the detection coefficient from 21.84/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 2.79/100,000 in 2015. CONCLUSIONS Despite the progress in the control of leprosy, this historical series shows that it is necessary to strengthen educational measures and implement control actions, so that the disease ceases to be a public health problem in the population aged <15 years.